Climate change must be declared ‘global health emergency’: Lancet study

Climate change must be declared a “global health emergency” to shape governments’ policies after heat caused three million deaths between 2016 and 2023, a report in The Lancet said Wednesday.

Published by the British Medical Journal ahead of the COP 31 climate summit in November, the 10th edition of the report brought together 146 researchers from 30 countries to assess the impact of climate change on the health of the world’s population.

It said there were a record 710,000 heat-related deaths in 2023, with more than 70% of that toll linked to human-caused climate change.

Marina Romanello, the executive director of the health and climate research project Lancet Countdown, said there were “three million heat-related deaths globally in an eight-year span since the Paris Agreement” of 2015.

“That’s roughly equivalent to the entire population of Wales being wiped out in the space of eight years due to heat,” she told a news conference.

And “68% of those deaths are directly attributable to climate change.”

The legally binding international climate treaty adopted in the French capital aimed to limit global warming to well below 2C and pursue efforts to keep it to 1.5C compared to preindustrial levels.

Climate change impact

Romanello said the global health emergency due to climate change should have “an integrated approach so that we’re not responding to emergency after emergency.”

Instead, she called for “a cohesive long-term response that builds resilience, builds capacities, and builds the possibilities of countries to avoid further emergencies moving forward.”

To determine the share of deaths attributable to warming caused by human activity, the researchers compiled the number of heat-related deaths recorded by states, then subtracted those that would have occurred in the absence of climate change, said professor Ollie Jay of the University of Sydney.

Jay said the intensity and frequency of periods of intense heat were amplified by climate change, pointing out that last year an extreme drought affected more than half of the world’s land surface for at least one month.

Economic cost

By reducing worker productivity, warming has cost the global economy more than $1 trillion per year over the past three years, the researchers said.

Southeast Asia and Africa, the hardest-hit regions, are estimated to have lost the equivalent of 3.9% and 3.2% of their GDP, compared with 0.2% for Europe and 1.5% for the Americas.

However, there has been concrete progress in some areas.

Since 2016, 56 of the WHO’s 194 member states have adapted their health and early-warning systems to anticipate extreme events.

Investment in clean energy reached $2.1 trillion in 2025—double the amount invested in fossil fuels, which cause climate change.

However, fossil fuels still account for 80% of global energy, causing air pollution that results in 2.73 million deaths per year, the study said.

Meanwhile, roughly 323,000 deaths have been avoided in “at least” 77 countries where air pollution from fossil fuels has fallen since 2016, according to the report.

Although funding for climate-related medical research has increased sevenfold to reach $316 million in 2024, 84% of these funds go to researchers in wealthy countries, even though the least developed nations are the most affected by the growing climate-related health threats.

Romanello said this year for the first time the researchers’ work was complicated by the disappearance of certain data sources, particularly from the United States, such as fossil fuel subsidies, which have not been made public by the U.S. authorities.

And for the past two years, global geopolitical instability has pushed global warming and its health impact into the background, she said, stressing that inaction was exacerbating the situation.

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